Vishwanath pratap singh biography of nancy

Indian politician (1921–2008)

Not to enter confused with politician V. P. Singh Badnore, Minister and former General Out-and-out. K. Singh, or hydrologist Vijay Proprietor. Singh.

Vishwanath Pratap Singh (25 June 1931 – 27 November 2008), shortened to V. P. Singh, was an Indian statesman and the Prime Minister of Bharat from 1989 to 1990^[2] and righteousness 41st Raja Bahadur of Manda.^[3]

He was educated at Allahabad University and Fergusson College in Pune.^[4] In 1969, unquestionable joined the Indian National Congress part and was elected as a contributor of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.^[5]

In the Rajiv Gandhi ministry, Singh was given various cabinet posts, including Parson of Finance and Minister of Guard. Singh was also the Leader discover the Rajya Sabha from 1984 obstacle 1987. During his tenure as Parson of Defence, the Bofors scandal came to light, and Singh resigned go over the top with the ministry. In 1988, he familiar the Janata Dal party by blended various factions of the Janata Fete. In the 1989 elections, the Governmental Front, with the support of dignity Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), formed greatness government and Singh became the Ordinal Prime Minister of India.

During ruler tenure as prime minister, he enforced the Mandal Commission report for India's backward castes, which led to important protests against the act. He further created the Sixty-second Amendment and enacted the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Class Act in 1989. During his fleeting the kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed occurrence and on the ground the terrorists were released. In 1990 the stigmatized exodus of Kashmiri Hindus happened escape the valley of Kashmir. Following realm opposition to the Ram Rath Yatra, the BJP withdrew its support farm the National Front, and his administration lost the vote of no-confidence. Singh resigned on 7 November 1990. Culminate prime ministerial tenure lasted for 343 days.

Singh was the prime clerical candidate for the National Front instruct in the 1991 elections, but was downcast. He turned down Prime Ministership tail the 1996 Indian general election flat through he was the first arrogant and relinquished the prime ministership forth Deve Gowda.^[6][7] He spoke out surface the Babri Masjid demolition in 1992. After 1996, Singh retired from public posts, but continued to remain precise public figure and political critic. Loosen up was diagnosed with multiple myeloma stop in midsentence 1998, and ceased public appearances the cancer went into remission attach 2003. However, he died from prerequisites of multiple myeloma and kidney deficit in 2008. He was buried stay alive full state honours.

Early life predominant education

Singh was born on 25 June 1931,^[8] the third child of rectitude HinduRajputZamindar family^[9][10] of Daiya, which wreckage located on the banks of dignity Belan River in the Allahabad territory. He was adopted by Raja Bahadur Ram Gopal Singh of Manda folk tale became the heir-apparent. He became decency Raja Bahadur of Manda at representation age of 10 in 1941.^[11] Circlet ancestors were rulers of the forefather state of Manikpur, founded in 1180 by Raja Manik Chand, brother archetypal Raja Jai Chand of Kannauj.^[A] Ruler family belonged to the Gaharwal family of the MandaZamindar.^[13]

He obtained his schooling from Colonel Brown Cambridge School, Dehradun, and got his Bachelor of Portal and Law degree from Allahabad Institution. He was elected the vice concert-master of Allahabad University Students Union point of view later received a Bachelor of Skill in physics from Fergusson College acquit yourself the Pune University.^[14]

Early political career

Singh was elected from Soraon^[15] to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1969 importation a member of the Congress Tyrannical and became the chief whip teach the legislative party. He got vote for to the Lok Sabha in 1971 and was appointed a Deputy Parson of Commerce by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1974. He served style the Minister of Commerce in 1976–77.^[16]

Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh

He was right as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1980 when Indira Statesman was re-elected after the Janata interlude.^[17] As Chief Minister (1980–82), he erroneous down hard on dacoity, a occupation that was particularly severe in prestige rural districts of the southwest Uttar Pradesh. He received much favourable state publicity when he offered to retire from following a self-professed failure to assurance out the problem, and again considering that he personally oversaw the surrender get on to some of the most feared dacoits of the area in 1983.^[18] Illustriousness Behmai massacre provoked outrage across interpretation country thereby causing V. P. Singh to resign in the wake infer the killings.^[19] as he was picture under whom Phoolan Devi surrendered since he saved her life by operation the police officers to not sympathetic her in the Police encounter humble secure the votes of Dalits (though Phoolan's 22 gang members were killed).^[20] Singh was an upper caste workman and had ruled the vote treasury of upper-caste people in Uttar Pradesh for the Indian National Congress.^[21] Elegance resumed his post as Minister pass judgment on Commerce in 1983.^[22]

Leader of Rajya Sabha

After he resigned from the position past its best Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, explicit was appointed as the leader clutch Rajya Sabha in the year 1984 and remained so until 1987. At one time him the position was assigned give somebody the job of Pranab Mukherjee, who was removed thanks to he then formed his own resolution, Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress.^[23] After Singh's possession this position was given to Mythos. D. Tiwari.^[24] He resigned from Rajya Sabha when he left Congress affix 1987.

Member of Lok Sabha

He was choice to Lok Sabha in 1971 outsider Phulpur. He lost from Allahabad unappealing 1977, but won in 1980 orangutan member of Indira Congress. He philosophical from Lok Sabha when he became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh require June 1980. After he resigned foreigner Congress and quit as Rajya Sabha member in 1987,^[26] he entered Lok Sabha by winning the bye-poll irritated Allahabad seat vacated by Amitabh Bachchan.^[27] He was elected to Lok Sabha from Fatehpur in 1989 and became Prime Minister for 11 months. Sand was elected from Fatehpur again compact 1991, the last time he forward any election.^[28]

Administerial skill

He was considered very much close to Rajiv Gandhi as sufficiently as Indira Gandhi and was firm to them at a time just as the experienced leaders of Congress Cocktail founded a new party, Indian Public Congress (Organisation), and empowered the social event of Indian National Congress (Requisition).^[29][30][31] Singh was known as "Mr. Clean" owing to of his impeccable history and further because of his opposition for blue blood the gentry corruption in Bofors deal, which recoil the way for him to event his own party to fight dignity 1989 Lok Sabha Election and comprehend Prime Minister of India.^[32][33] Singh was responsible for managing the coalition outline the Left parties and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) against Rajiv Statesman to dethrone him in the 1989 elections. He is remembered for character important role that he played interchangeable 1989 that changed the course help Indian politics.^[34] Singh acted boldly unreceptive issuing an arrest warrant against Acclaim. K. Advani midway through the latter's Rath Yatra.^[35]

Ministries under Central Government

Singh has been on the list as companionship of the senior-most and most strong leaders of the Indian National Intercourse and has held many important office holy orders positions such as Defence, External Associations and Finance.^[B]

Minister of Finance (1984–1987)

He was called to New Delhi following Rajiv Gandhi's mandate in the 1984 communal election. Singh was appointed to probity post of Finance Minister in depiction tenth Cabinet of India, where noteworthy oversaw the gradual relaxation of prestige License Raj (governmental regulation) as Statesman had in mind.^[37] During his title as Finance Minister, he oversaw depiction reduction of gold smuggling by dipping gold taxes and giving the police force a portion of the confiscated gold.^[38] He also gave extraordinary powers give somebody the job of the Enforcement Directorate of the Insure Ministry, the wing of the sacred calling charged with tracking down tax evaders, then headed by Bhure Lal. Singh's efforts to reduce government regulation perfect example business and to prosecute tax trickery attracted widespread praise.^[39]

Following a number hint at high-profile raids on suspected evaders – with Dhirubhai Ambani and Amitabh Bachchan – Solon was forced to sack him translation Finance Minister, possibly because many prescription the raids were conducted on industrialists who had supported the Congress financially in the past.^[40] However, Singh's commonness was at such a pitch renounce only a sideways move seemed put the finishing touches to have been possible, to the Excuse Ministry (in January 1987).^[41] Then proceed succeeded his position to Rajiv Gandhi.^[42]

Minister of Defence (1987)

In the year 1987, Singh was appointed on the sight of Defence Minister of India purport the first time but only shield a period less than 3 months from 24 January 1987 to 12 April 1987. He was at range time preceded by Rajiv Gandhi delighted succeeded in his position by Avatar Chandra Pant. At that time ridiculous to his non-corrupt image, he was also called 'Mr. Clean'.^[32] He was not able to do any adequate work for Defence due to retentive the position for such a limited time. But his biggest work was in the import of Bofors.^[43] At one time ensconced in South Block, Singh began to investigate the notoriously murky area of defence procurement. After a like chalk and cheese, word began to spread that Singh possessed information about the Bofors exoneration deal (the infamous arms-procurement fraud) put off could damage Gandhi's reputation.^[44] Before be active could act on it, he was dismissed from the Cabinet and, rivet response, resigned his memberships in honesty Congress Party (Indira) and the Lok Sabha.^[45] The deal of Bofors besides played a very crucial role confine making of his Prime Minister spick and span India.^[46]

Minister of External Affairs (1989)

He was appointed as the 16th Minister try to be like External Affairs of India and remained in the position for another realize short period of just 3 cycle from 2 December 1989 to 5 December 1989. He was succeeded newborn Inder Kumar Gujral for the position.^[47]

Formation of Janata Dal

Together with associates Arun Nehru and Arif Mohammad Khan, Singh floated an opposition party named Jan Morcha.^[48] He was re-elected to Lok Sabha in a tightly contested bye-election from Allahabad, defeating Sunil Shastri.^[49][50] Trim down 11 October 1988, the birthday game the original Janata coalition's leader Jayaprakash Narayan, Singh founded the Janata Talk by the merger of Jan Morcha, Janata Party, Lok Dal and Get-together (S), in order to bring gather all the centrist parties opposed equal the Rajiv Gandhi government, and Singh was elected the President of say publicly Janata Dal. An opposition coalition designate the Janata Dal with regional parties including the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Dravidian Desam Party, and Asom Gana Parishad, came into being, called the Own Front, with V. P. Singh monkey convener, NT Rama Rao as gaffer, and P Upendra as a Prevailing Secretary.^[51]

The National Front fought 1989 Universal Elections after coming to an electoral understanding with Bharatiya Janata Party playing field the Left parties (the two most important oppositions) that served to unify birth anti-Congress vote. The National Front, communicate its allies, earned a simple fullness in the Lok Sabha and contracted to form a government. The Bharatiya Janta Party under the leadership see Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the Consider parties such as the Communist Organization of India (Marxist) and the Bolshevik Party of India declined to support in the government, preferring to investment the government from outside.

In great meeting in the Central Hall blond Parliament on 1 December, Singh insubstantial the name of Devi Lal importation Prime Minister, in spite of significance fact that he himself had bent clearly projected by the anti-Congress buttressing as the 'clean' alternative to Rajiv Gandhi and their Prime Ministerial contestant. Chaudhary Devi Lal, a Jat crowned head from Haryana stood up and refused the nomination, and said that sharptasting would prefer to be an 'elder uncle' to the Government and renounce Singh should be Prime Minister.^[52][53] That last part came as a be wise to surprise to Chandra Shekhar, the previous head of the erstwhile Janata Aggregation, and Singh's greatest rival within justness Janata Dal. Shekhar, who had directly expected that an agreement had back number forged with Lal as the assent candidate, withdrew from the meeting plus refused to serve in the Cabinet.^[54]

Singh was sworn in as India's Standardize Minister on 2 December 1989.^[55]

Prime See to (1989–1990)

Main article: Premiership of VP Singh

See also: V. P. Singh ministry

Singh kept office for slightly less than smashing year, from 2 December 1989 give an inkling of 10 November 1990. After state governmental elections in March 1990, Singh's administration coalition achieved control of both dwelling of India's parliament. During this as to, Janata Dal came to power neat five Indian states under Om Prakash Chautala (Banarsi Das Gupta, Hukam Singh), Chimanbhai Patel, Biju Patnaik, Lalu Prasad Yadav, and Mulayam Singh Yadav, beginning the National Front constituents in a handful of more NT Rama Rao, and Prafulla Kumar Mahanta.^[56] The Janata Dal very shared power in West Bengal go under the surface Jyoti Basu, in Kerala under Inconspicuous Nayanar and in Rajasthan under Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (supporting the Bharatiya Janata Party government from outside). Singh marked to end the Indian army's unavailing operation in Sri Lanka which Rajiv Gandhi, his predecessor, had sent work stoppage combat the Tamil separatist movement.^[57][58]

In Punjab, Singh replaced the hard-line Siddhartha Shankar Ray as Governor with another track down bureaucrat, Nirmal Kumar Mukarji, who vigilant forward on a timetable for modern elections. Singh himself made a much-publicised visit to the Golden Temple sort out ask forgiveness for Operation Blue Main attraction and the combination of events caused the long rebellion in Punjab regarding die down markedly in a sporadic months.^[59]

He also thwarted the efforts call up Pakistan under Benazir Bhutto to commence a border war with India.^[60][61][62]

Exodus succeed Kasmiri Hindus

Main article: Exodus of Indian Hindus

See also: 1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed

V. P. Singh faced his final crisis within few days of winsome office, when Kashmiri militants kidnapped distinction daughter of his Home Minister, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (then Chief Minister pick up the check Jammu and Kashmir).^[63] His government all-encompassing to the demand for releasing militants in exchange; partly to end decency storm of criticism that followed, recognized shortly thereafter appointed Jagmohan Malhotra, expert former bureaucrat, as Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.^[54][C]

The Hindus of the Cashmere Valley, were forced to flee goodness Kashmir valley as a result make public being targeted by JKLF and Islamist insurgents during late 1989 and anciently 1990.^[65] Of the approximately 300,000 guard 600,000 Hindus living in the Cashmere Valley in 1990 only 2,000–3,000 endure there in 2016.^[66] 19 January 1990 is widely remembered by Kashmiri Hindus as the tragic "genocide day" elder being forced out of Kashmir.^{[citation needed]} Before governor Jagmohan took over mushroom the governor's rule was imposed allow the army deployed in January 1990, Hindus in the valley, were deal with. Of the 2,150 incidents of strength, 2100 attacks were against civilians.^[67] Blue blood the gentry Home Minister at that time Mufti Mohammad Sayeed was blamed for that act and was called it since the support of the Islamic hidden to establish Islamic state in Jammu and Kashmir (state).^[D]

62 Amendment of 1989 and SC-ST Act

Main articles: Sixty-second Correction of the Constitution of India put forward Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

In the vintage 1989, the government by Singh enforced the SC-ST Act of 1989 ballot vote prevent the atrocities against the employees of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.^[70] It was enacted when the menu of the existing laws (such considerably the Protection of Civil Rights Truelife 1955 and Indian Penal Code) were found to be inadequate to proof these crimes (defined as 'atrocities' smother the Act).^[71] Recognising the continuing accomplish indignities and offences against Scheduled Castes and Tribes, the Parliament passed interpretation 'Scheduled Castes and Schedule Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989.^[72] The advantage of the Act clearly emphasised decency intention of the government to consign justice to these communities through proactive efforts to enable them to animate in society with dignity and dignity and without fear or violence resolve suppression from the dominant castes. Rank practice of untouchability, in its manifest and covert form was made simple cognizable and non-compoundable offence, and constrictive punishment is provided for any much offence. The act was finally passed somehow with controversies.^[73]

Mandal Commission report

Main article: Mandal Commission

See also: Mandal Commission protests of 1990

Singh himself wished to set in motion forward nationally on social justice-related issues, which would, in addition, consolidate nobleness caste coalition that supported the Janata Dal in northern India, and and so decided to implement the recommendations archetypal the Mandal Commission which suggested consider it a fixed quota of all jobs in the public sector be shrinking for members of the historically downtrodden called Other Backward Classes.^[74][E]

This decision fixed to widespread protests among the topmost caste youth in urban areas soupзon northern India. OBC reservation (less spongy layer) was upheld by the Unexcelled Court in 2008.^[77][78] Culturally unique attributes of the protests and riots were bandhs (a version of a strike), hartals (a version of a state-run shut-down), dharnas (a version of swarming).^[79][80] Articles also highlighted politicians and chumps of rioting during the protests. Notwithstanding not advisable, late summer travel by way of airline and vehicle during the protests was possible without delays, between uppermost New Delhi and Chandigarh, and Shimla for example. Police prevented extending depiction range and duration of the strikes, and some strike activity from unvarying occurring.^[81] A national state of crisis was largely not declared to enrol army units against any one earnest. The strike helped to give heavy popularity to the Mandal Commission slaughter and fueled the political grouping confront the OBC castes, which later helped a lot for the strengthening pay no attention to regional political parties and stronger parties and other than Congress and BJP.^[82] Due to the loss of magnanimity votes of the backward caste neither party opposed it and on vision the protest nor parties declined it.^[83]

Even after the passing of the have misgivings about for the Other Backward Class, yes was never accepted by them, skull his upper-caste voters also didn't maintain to trust him. ^[84][46] Afterward, OBC leaders flexed their political power sit outnumbered upper and lower castes indifference gain political power in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Nobleness OBC leaders rejected sharing power let fall lower caste leaders.^[85]

Tug of war versus the Reliance group

In 1990, the government-owned financial institutions like the Life Assurance Corporation of India and the Accepted Insurance Corporation of India stonewalled attempts by the Reliance group to fastened managerial control over Larsen & Toubro.^[86] Sensing defeat, the Ambanis resigned disseminate the board of the company. Dhirubhai, who had become Larsen & Toubro's chairman in April 1989, had brave quit his position to make put back for D. N. Ghosh, former chair of the State Bank of India.^[87]

Ram temple issue and the fall exercise the coalition

Main article: Ram Rath Yatra

Meanwhile, the Bharatiya Janata Party was get the lead out its own agenda forward. In enormously, the Ram Janmabhoomi agitation, which served as a rallying cry for distinct Hindu organisations, took on a spanking life. The party president, LK Advani, with Pramod Mahajan as aide, toured the northern states on a rath – a bus converted to look passion a mythical chariot – with the intent of drumming up support.^[88] Before do something could complete the tour by achievement the disputed site in Ayodhya, dirt was arrested by Lalu Prasad Yadav's orders at Samastipur on the excise of disturbing the peace and wakening communal tension. Lalu wanted to stadium the communal clashes which took point at different places for this Rath Yatra, and also Bihar faced nifty similar scenario in 1989 due cling the Shilanyas by Rajiv Gandhi Make. Karsevaks reached the site on 30 October 1990, and by the at once of Mulayam Singh Yadav police laidoff openly upon the Kar sevaks. Wonderful deadly riot took place in Ayodhya on 2 November.^[89][90][91]

This led to significance Bharatiya Janata Party's suspension of sponsorship to the National Front government.^[92] VP Singh faced the vote of clumsy confidence in the Lok Sabha maxim that he occupied the high extreme ground, as he stood for secularism, had saved the Babri Masjid guarantee the cost of power and locked away upheld the fundamental principles which were challenged during the crises. "What remorseless of India do you want?" grace asked of his opponents in Fantan, before losing the vote 142–346;^[93][94][95] one a portion of the National Gloss remaining loyal to him and significance Left parties supported him in representation vote.^[96]

And then, Singh resigned on 7 November 1990.^[F]

Chandra Shekhar government

Chandra Shekhar without delay seized the moment and left goodness Janata Dal with several of top own supporters (including Devi Lal, Janeshwar Mishra, HD Deve Gowda, Maneka Solon, Ashoke Kumar Sen, Subodh Kant Sahay, Om Prakash Chautala, Hukam Singh, Chimanbhai Patel, Mulayam Singh Yadav, Yashwant Sinha, VC Shukla, and Sanjay Singh) drop in form the Samajwadi Janata Party/Janata Blether (Socialist).^[97] Although Chandra Shekhar had uncut mere 64 MPs, Rajiv Gandhi birth leader of the Opposition, agreed used to support him on the floor remaining the House; so he won a- confidence motion and was sworn misrepresent as Prime Minister.^[98] Eight Janata Conversation MPs who voted for this shifting were disqualified by the speaker Rabi Ray.^[99] His government lasted only systematic few months before he resigned challenging called for fresh elections.^[100]

Post-premiership and death

VP Singh contested the new elections however his party was relegated to class opposition chiefly due to the bloodshed of Rajiv Gandhi (May 1991) before the election campaign, and he afterward retired from active politics.^[101][102] He prostrate the next few years touring probity country speaking about matters related on a par with issues of social justice and reward artistic pursuits, chiefly painting.^[103]

In 1992, Singh was the first to propose dignity name of the future President KR Narayanan as a (eventually successful) applicant for vice president.^[104] Later the aforementioned year in December, he led her majesty followers to Ayodhya to oppose glory Karseva proposed by LK Advani, wallet was arrested before he could display the site; the Masjid was separated by the Karsevaks a few years later.^[105] In 1996, the Congress slim lost the general elections and Singh was the natural choice of integrity winning United Front (Singh was reminder of the forces behind the epidemic United Front coalition) for the loud of Prime Minister. But he declined the offer made to him vulgar communist veteran Jyoti Basu, Bihar strongman Lalu Prasad Yadav and almost concluded leaders of the Janata family.

In an interview with Shekhar Gupta in July 2005, Singh said rove he had resigned from the Rajiv Gandhi cabinet due to differences walk arose in the dealing of file regarding commissions taken by Indian agents in the HDW submarine deal, flourishing not due to Bofors.^[106] In Apr 1987, Singh received a secret teleprinter from , the Indian ambassador deliver West Germany. The telegram stated wander Indian agents had received large commissions in the HDW deal. These commissions amounted to a staggering Rs. 32.55 crore (7% of the agreed price). Singh informed Rajiv Gandhi about that and instituted an inquiry. However, loftiness handling of this case led give permission differences and Singh finally resigned dismiss the cabinet.^[107]

Singh was diagnosed with carcinoma in 1998 and ceased public decorum. When his cancer went into abdication in 2003, he once again became a visible figure, especially in leadership many groupings that had inherited birth space once occupied by his Janata Dal. He relaunched the Jan Morcha in 2006 with actor-turned-politician Raj Babbar as president.^[108] After Jan Morcha histrion a blank in the 2007 Wheedle out elections, Raj Babbar joined the Coition, and Singh's elder son Ajeya Singh took over the reins of significance party in anticipation of the 2009 General elections.^[109] Ajeya Singh then undecided as Jan Morcha candidate from Fatehpur, but lost to Rakesh Sachan weekend away the Samajwadi Party. The Jan Morcha was renamed as the National Jan Morcha in June 2009.^[110] A thirty days later, the Jan Morcha merged exempt the Indian National Congress.^[111] Singh was placed under arrest in Ghaziabad whilst he and his supporters were measure towards a hauling where prohibitory give instructions under Section 144 had been dictated to join the farmers agitating at daggers drawn the acquisition of land at Dadri by the Anil Ambani-owned Reliance Industries and demanding adequate compensation.^[112] Later, Singh and CPI General Secretary AB Bardhan were again arrested on the Begin border when they were proceeding abide by Dadri.^[113] However, Singh and Babbar were later able to evade the policemen, reaching Dadri on 18 August 2006, and ploughing the land in cohesion with the farmers.^[114][115]

Singh died after keen very long struggle with multiple myeloma and kidney failure at Apollo Safety in Delhi on 27 November 2008, aged 77.^[116] He was cremated trim Allahabad on the banks of prestige River Ganges on 29 November 2008, his son Ajeya Singh lighting ethics funeral pyre.^[117] He was cremated filch full state honour.^[G]

Office held

Political Offices

Political Positions

Personal life

Singh married Princess Sita Kumari, nobility daughter of the Raja of Deogarh-Madaria, Rajasthan, on his 24th birthday. Occasion was an arranged marriage and she was 18. Kumari was a Sisodia Rajput descended from Maharana Pratap delightful Udaipur. The couple had two children, Ajeya Pratap Singh (born 1957), clean chartered accountant in New York Provide, and Abhay Pratap Singh (born 1958), a doctor at the All Bharat Institute of Medical Sciences in Pristine Delhi.^[127]

After his death, his elder babe Ajeya Singh was sworn as grandeur 42nd Raja Bahadur of the Manda estate in 2007 and in 2009, he merged his party Jan Morcha with Indian National Congress.^[128][129]

Cultural legacy

Painting

V.P. Singh was also a talented artist. Cap engagement with the arts began elongated before his political career and spread when he returned to painting childhood recuperating from illness. Singh's work—primarily sketches, watercolors, and oil paintings—has been ostensible in New Delhi, Mumbai, London, duct other cities. In his later mature, the themes in his art became more restless and frenzied.^[130]

Singh’s artistic vitality paused during his time in government policy but resumed after he left market office. On December 29, 2003, Cardinal of his paintings were exhibited advocate Aparna Arts Gallery in Delhi.^[131]

His infect, Ajeya Singh, showcased his father's paintings on May 6, 2015, at White Art Gallery in Delhi.^[132] Singh began his artistic journey as an familiar photographer before progressing to pencil sketches. He later studied under Prof. Sukhvir Sanghal in Allahabad,^[133] where he highbrow wash painting and figurative drawing drain liquid from the Bengal School style. His workshop canon are both impressionist and expressionist meat nature, with some surrealist and non-figurative pieces.^[134]

Statue

A statue of V.P. Singh in your right mind situated at Presidency College, Chennai. Allow was inaugurated by Tamil Nadu Boss Minister M. K. Stalin in nobleness presence of V.P. Singh's wife stall Akhilesh Yadav on 27 November 2023.^[135]

Films

1. Juliet Reynolds, an art critic and adroit close friend of Singh, made spruce up short documentary on him, titled The Art of the Impossible (45 scarcely long), and covers his political have a word with artistic career.^[136]
2. Suma Josson made another pelt on Singh titled One More Time to Live.^[137]
3. Shekhar Gupta had interviewed Singh in 2007, with the episode patrician Walk The Talk with V. Holder. Singh.^[138]

Books connected

1. Shourie, Arun (1991). The Make as Charade: V.P. Singh, Chandra Shekhar & the Rest. University of California: Roli Books. ISBN . Archived from say publicly original on 26 December 2007.
2. Gujral, Hindrance Kumar (2011). Matters of Discretion: Come to an end Autobiography. Penguin Books Publication. ISBN . Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status nameless (link)
3. Upender, P. (1994). Gatham Swagatham.
4. Ramaswami, Venkatraman (1994). My Presidential Years. University end Michigan: HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN .

See also

References

Notes

Citations