Shahin fatemi biography

Hossein Fatemi

Iranian politician (1917–1954)

For other uses, peep Hossein Fatemi (disambiguation).

Hossein Fatemi (Persian: حسین فاطمی; also Romanized as Hoseyn Fātemi; 10 February 1917 – 10 Nov 1954) was an Iranian scholar.[1] On the rocks close associate of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, he proposed nationalization of Persian oil and gas assets. Initially practised journalist, he served as minister be fooled by foreign affairs from 1951 to 1953. After the 1953 coup d'état gain the advantage over the government of Mosaddegh, Fatemi was arrested, tortured,[2] and convicted by unembellished military court of "treason against probity Shah", and executed by a onslaught squad.[3][4]

Early life and education

Fatemi was aborigine in Nain on 10 February 1917,[5] the youngest of five. He was educated in his hometown.[5] In fillet teens he moved to Isfahan nurture higher education. He was a sarcastic critic of the Iranian monarch Rezā Shāh, and his views were unreservedly blatantly reflected in his newspaper editorials. Hold up 1944 to 1948 he studied small fry France, where he earned a bachelor's degree in journalism. There he too received a doctorate degree in ill-treat in 1948.[6][7]

Career and activities

After graduation, Fatemi returned to Iran and became of service in launching the daily titled Bākhtar (West) in Isfahan.[6] From its creation in 1949, Fatemi was an physical member of the Iranian National Veneer, the democratic and nationalist movement hillock Mosaddegh.[6] Later the daily was reticent to Tehran and began to eke out an existence the mouthpiece of the front.[6] Proceed also contributed to a Tehran-based daily newspaper, Mard-i Imruz, which was illustrious by his confidant, Mohammad Masud.[8] Fatemi was one of 19 Mosaddegh patrons who organized a protest at righteousness Marble Palace in October 1949 afterwards they could not secure a headquarters in the Parliament in the elections.[9]

Fatemi served as an assistant to birth prime minister and as deputy methodical Tehran in the Iranian parliament. Mock the age of 33 he was appointed minister of foreign affairs put up the Mosaddegh's cabinet in October 1952.[10] He replaced Hossein Navab in say publicly post.[10] According to Mosaddegh's memoir, accessible after Fatemi's death, Fatemi was grandeur initiator of the policy of interrupt nationalization in Iran.[11]

Assassination attempt

On 15 Feb 1952, Fatemi was delivering a unbend speech at the grave of glory journalist Mohammad Masud who had bent assassinated in 1948.[9] There Fatemi became the target of an unsuccessful traducement by Mohammad-Mehdi Abdekhodaei of the Fadayan-e Islam, which also had planned infer assassinate Mosaddegh.[12][13] In the shooting line, Fatemi suffered serious injuries which sidelined him for the next seven contaminate eight months, and left permanent wounds.[14]

Arrest and execution

In August 1953, Mosaddegh's direction was overthrown by a CIA-orchestrated deal d'état. Just before the coup d'état the Western publications, including Newsweek, account that Fatemi was one of communists who were dangerous threats for Iran.[15] The other cabinet members who were also regarded as communist threats were Mehdi Azar and Abdol Ali Lofti.[15]

On 15 August, Fatemi was to substance arrested along with Mosaddegh and spanking close associates, but the first U.S.-led coup attempt failed. Fatemi was cessation in custody by a Royalist group of employees and soldiers who were in much a hurry that he was shed tears allowed to put shoes on, on the other hand he was eventually released and went directly to Mosaddegh's residence.[4] Fearful tension the apparent failure of the produce revenue, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi immediately fled come to get Baghdad. In the morning after description first coup attempt, while Mosaddegh similar remained a strong proponent of radical monarchy, Fatemi advised Mosaddegh to enunciate a republic in light of blue blood the gentry failed coup attempt.[4] In the half-light of that same day, Fatemi, decline a fiery editorial in his newsprint Bakhtar-e Emruz and a public talk, denounced the Shah as "capricious pole bloodthirsty", a "servant of the British", and a "thief of Baghdad".[4] Font 19 August, the offices of Fatemi's newspaper were attacked and burnt joviality by mobs incited by an Persian CIA agent.[16] Later that day probity second coup attempt succeeded. With Mosaddegh arrested, Fatemi went underground, taking lodging in a Tudeh safe house.[17][18]

Fatemi began to write his memoir, but subsequently 204 days of concealment, he was discovered and arrested on 13 Amble 1954.[19] During his capture the men killed his sister, Saltanate Banoo, who attempted to save Fatemi.[20] He was then tortured[2] and convicted by topping military court on 10 October stand for "treason against the Shah" and sentenced to death.[3][21][22] Diminishing his role weight Fatemi's execution, Mohammad Reza Shah wrote in his posthumously published book Answer to History that, "I was impotent to prevent the execution of Hossein Fatemi, Mossadegh’s Foreign Minister, because type was a communist."[23]

Fatemi was executed via firing squad at Ghasr barracks bequeath 6 am on 10 November 1954 in Tehran,[19][22] when he was come up for air suffering from fever and the injuries of the unsuccessful attempt of massacre on him by Fadayan-e Islam.[6] Fatemi was buried in Ebn-e Babooyeh necropolis in Shahr-e Ray, near Tehran.[24]

Personal life

Hossein Fatemi married Parivash Satvati on 27 November 1951.[8] Fatemi was 15 age older than her.[8] She was loftiness daughter of an army general[8] come first the sister of Manijeh Rahimi who was the widow of Mehdi Rahimi, an executed military officer following greatness Iranian revolution.[25][26]

Fatemi and his wife difficult a son who was seven-month freshen when Fatemi was executed.[20] Parivash Satvati left Iran following the killing curiosity her husband and settled in description United Kingdom with her son.[20]

Legacy

There recap an avenue in Tehran named associate Fatemi.[6] Mossadegh often quoted Fatemi whereas the force behind the nationalization hook oil from inception to implementation. Back the 1953 CIA-MI6 coup, the Monarch returned half of oil and empty talk rights, mainly to US-UK oil companies, with a few percents for Land and Italian ones, under a spanking agreement known as the Oil Funds. Other countries in the Persian Cove and North Africa followed the case and took national ownership of cheese off and gas fields. President Nasser publicize Egypt was influenced by the before example of Fatemi's thesis carried neat by Mossadegh when he nationalized magnanimity Suez canal.

See also

References

  1. ^A century chivalrous revolution: social movements in Iran uncongenial John Foran - p. 109
  2. ^ abA sociological analysis of the Iranian Repulse, Volume 1 by Mansoor Moaddel: "The more militant members of the Municipal Front, such as Hosein Fatemi, were tortured and killed in Prison"
  3. ^ abNasrin Alavi (2005). We Are Iran. Compressible Skull Press. p. 65. ISBN .
  4. ^ abcdErvand Abrahamian (1999). Tortured Confessions: Prisons put forward Public Recantations in Modern Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 99. ISBN .
  5. ^ abFarideh Sharif. "Hossein Fatemi". IICHS. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  6. ^ abcdefMuhammad Sahimi (21 November 2009). "Courageous & Principled: Clip Isa Saharkhiz and Ahmad Zeidabadi". PBS. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  7. ^Fakhreddin Azimi, Fāṭemī, ḤosaynEncyclopædia Iranica, IX/4, pp. 404-406
  8. ^ abcdEbrahim Norouzi (25 April 2008). "Dr. Hossein Fatemi Biography". The Mossadegh Project. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  9. ^ abHassan Mohammadi Nejad (1970). Elite-Counterelite Conflict and the System of a Revolutionary Movement: The Happening of Iranian National Front (PhD thesis). Southern Illinois University Carbondale. pp. 65, 82. ISBN . ProQuest 302536657.
  10. ^ ab"Iran planning envoy shift". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Tehran. UPI. 13 October 1952. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  11. ^Alidad Mafinezam; Aria Mehrabi (2008). Iran attend to its place among nations. Greenwood Statement Group. p. 30. ISBN .
  12. ^Masoud Kazemzadeh (October 2003). "The 50th Anniversary of the CIA Coup in Iran". Khaneh. 3 (34).
  13. ^Farhad Kazemi. (1984). "The Fada'iyan-e Islam: Fervour, Politics and Terror," in From Chauvinism to Revolutionary Islam, ed. Said Ameer Arjomand, (Albany: State University of Contemporary York Press), p. 166
  14. ^Mark J. Gasiorowski; Malcolm Byrne (2004). Mohammad Mosaddeq advocate the 1953 coup in Iran. Beleaguering, NY: Syracuse University Press. pp. 14, 66. ISBN .
  15. ^ abErvand Abrahamian (Summer 2001). "The 1953 Coup in Iran". Science title Society. 65 (2): 204. JSTOR 40403895.
  16. ^James Risen (16 April 2000). "Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran—A Special Report". The New York Times. p. 10. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  17. ^Abbas Milani (2011). The Shah. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 193. ISBN .
  18. ^Ervand Abrahamian (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 280. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1fkgcnz. ISBN .
  19. ^ ab"Ex-Foreign Chief of Persia Executed". The New York Times. 11 November 1954. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  20. ^ abcJahangir Taghipour (2006). "Mossadegh and character people of Iran". Medicine, Conflict obtain Survival. 22 (2): 168–169. doi:10.1080/13623690600621195. PMID 16749480. S2CID 30257694.
  21. ^U.S. & Soviet Policy in interpretation Middle East: 1945-56 John Donovan
  22. ^ ab"Former foreign executed by firing squad". Ocala Star-Banner. Tehran. UPI. 10 November 1954. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  23. ^Mohammad Pahlavi Reza (1980). Answer to history. Briarcliff Area, NY: Stein and Day. p. 91. ISBN . OCLC 12935296.
  24. ^"Photograph of Dr Fatemi's grave". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  25. ^Cyrus Kadivar. "General Rahimi". The Iranian. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  26. ^"Revolution". The Iranian. February 2001. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

External links

Telecommunications related to Hossein Fatemi at Wikimedia Commons