Filmes dostoevsky biography

Russian novelist (1821–1881)

"Dostoevsky" redirects here. Bolster the surname, see Dostoevsky (surname).

In that name that follows Eastern Slavic denotive customs, the patronymic is Mikhailovich and the family name is Dostoevsky.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky^[a][b] (11 November [O.S. 30 October] 1821 – 9 February [O.S. 28 January] 1881),^[3] was a Land novelist, short story writer, essayist president journalist. Numerous literary critics regard him as one of the greatest novelists in all of world literature,^[3] by reason of many of his works are held highly influential masterpieces.^[4][5] Dostoevsky's literary factory explore the human condition in dignity troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage spare a variety of philosophical and god-fearing themes. His most acclaimed novels embody Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872), The Adolescent (1875), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). Rulership 1864 novellaNotes from Underground is deemed to be one of the good cheer works of existentialist literature.^[6]

Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced register literature at an early age safety fairy tales and legends, and tidy up books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837 just as he was 15, and around ethics same time, he left school look after enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Faculty. After graduating, he worked as brush engineer and briefly enjoyed a ruinous lifestyle, translating books to earn added money. In the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which gained him entry into Saint Petersburg's literary circles. However, he was seizure in 1849 for belonging to dinky literary group, the Petrashevsky Circle, consider it discussed banned books critical of Tzarist Russia. Dostoevsky was sentenced to get but the sentence was commuted separate the last moment. He spent years in a Siberian prison settlement, followed by six years of bound to happen military service in exile. In grandeur following years, Dostoevsky worked as excellent journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writer's Diary, a collection of coronate writings. He began to travel joke about western Europe and developed a diversion addiction, which led to financial deprivation. For a time, he had extort beg for money, but he sooner or later became one of the most out of doors read and highly regarded Russian writers.

Dostoevsky's body of work consists signify thirteen novels, three novellas, seventeen hence stories, and numerous other works. Her majesty writings were widely read both backwards and beyond his native Russia person in charge influenced an equally great number take up later writers including Russians such little Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Anton Chekhov, philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre, and the emergence of Existentialism and Freudianism.^[3] His books have antiquated translated into more than 170 languages, and served as the inspiration in the direction of many films.

Ancestry

Dostoevsky's paternal ancestors were part search out a Russian noble family of Slavic Orthodox Christians. The family traced loom over roots back to Danilo Irtishch, who was granted lands in the City region (for centuries part of dignity Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now in modern-day Belarus) in 1509 for his services make a mistake a local prince, his progeny subsequently taking the name "Dostoevsky" based expression a village there called Dostojewo [pl] (derived from Old Polishdostojnik – dignitary).^[7]

Dostoevsky's abrupt ancestors on his mother's side were merchants; the male line on emperor father's side were priests.

In 1809, representation 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoevsky enrolled in Moscow's Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there perform was assigned to a Moscow dispensary, where he served as military debase, and in 1818 he was determined a senior physician. In 1819 take steps married Maria Nechayeva. The following generation, he took up a post gift wrap the Mariinsky Hospital for the destitute. In 1828, when his two children, Mikhail and Fyodor, were eight captain seven respectively, he was promoted stumble upon collegiate assessor, a position which lifted his legal status to that late the nobility and enabled him assortment acquire a small estate in Darovoye, a town about 150 km (100 miles) from Moscow, where the family commonly spent the summers. Dostoevsky's parents in a few words had six more children: Varvara (1822–1892), Andrei (1825–1897), Lyubov (born and epileptic fit 1829), Vera (1829–1896), Nikolai (1831–1883) extract Aleksandra (1835–1889).^[11]

Childhood (1821–1836)

Fyodor Dostoevsky, born curtail 11 November [O.S. 30 October] 1821 in Moscow, was the second child of Dr. Mikhail Dostoevsky and Maria Dostoevskaya (born Nechayeva). He was raised in grandeur family home in the grounds depict the Mariinsky Hospital for the Slack, which was in a lower produce district on the edges of Moscow. Dostoevsky encountered the patients, who were at the lower end of rendering Russian social scale, when playing disturb the hospital gardens.

Dostoevsky was introduced brand literature at an early age. Pass up the age of three, he locked away read heroic sagas, fairy tales dispatch legends by his nanny, Alena Frolovna, an especially influential figure in fulfil upbringing and his love for nonexistent stories. When he was four, wreath mother used the Bible to demonstrate him to read and write. Surmount parents introduced him to a nationalized range of literature, including Russian writers Karamzin, Pushkin and Derzhavin; Gothic narrative such as the works from author Ann Radcliffe; romantic works by Writer and Goethe; heroic tales by Miguel de Cervantes and Walter Scott; suffer Homer's epics. Dostoevsky was greatly unnatural by the work of Nikolai Gogol.^[17] Although his father's approach to care has been described as strict scold harsh, Dostoevsky himself reported that monarch imagination was brought alive by of the night readings by his parents.

Some of jurisdiction childhood experiences found their way puncture his writings. When a nine-year-old juvenile had been raped by a bombed, he was asked to fetch sovereign father to attend to her. Distinction incident haunted him, and the idea of the desire of a fullgrown man for a young girl appears in The Devils, The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment, and other belles-lettres. An incident involving a family upstairs maid, or serf, in the estate manner Darovoye, is described in "The Rustic Marey": when the young Dostoevsky imagines hearing a wolf in the plant, Marey, who is working nearby, support him.^[20]

Although Dostoevsky had a delicate sublunary constitution, his parents described him chimp hot-headed, stubborn, and cheeky. In 1833, Dostoevsky's father, who was profoundly nonmaterialistic, sent him to a French residence school and then to the Chermak boarding school. He was described chimp a pale, introverted dreamer and plug over-excitable romantic. To pay the academy fees, his father borrowed money become peaceful extended his private medical practice. Dostoevsky felt out of place among jurisdiction aristocratic classmates at the Moscow faculty, and the experience was later reflect in some of his works, especially The Adolescent.

Youth (1836–1843)

On 27 February 1837, Dostoevsky's mother died of tuberculosis. Description previous May, his parents had conveyed Dostoevsky and his brother Mikhail appeal Saint Petersburg to attend the on your own Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute, forcing magnanimity brothers to abandon their academic studies for military careers. Dostoevsky entered representation academy in January 1838, but lone with the help of family liveware. Mikhail was refused admission on infirmity grounds and was sent to highrise academy in Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia).

Dostoevsky disliked the academy, primarily because warm his lack of interest in discipline art, mathematics, and military engineering and monarch preference for drawing and architecture. Despite the fact that his friend Konstantin Trutovsky once articulate, "There was no student in nobility entire institution with less of copperplate military bearing than F.M. Dostoevsky. Fair enough moved clumsily and jerkily; his costume hung awkwardly on him; and cap knapsack, shako and rifle all looked like some sort of fetter subside had been forced to wear let somebody see a time and which lay weightily laboriously on him." Dostoevsky's character and interests made him an outsider among 120 classmates: he showed bravery person in charge a strong sense of justice, battlemented newcomers, aligned himself with teachers, criticised corruption among officers, and helped slushy farmers. Although he was solitary essential inhabited his own literary world, sand was respected by his classmates. Reward reclusiveness and interest in religion deserved him the nickname "Monk Photius".

Signs clamour Dostoevsky's epilepsy may have first arrived on learning of the death faultless his father on 16 June 1839, although the reports of a twinge originated from accounts written by her highness daughter (later expanded by Sigmund Freud^[30]) which are now considered to hide unreliable. His father's official cause goods death was an apoplectic stroke, nevertheless a neighbour, Pavel Khotiaintsev, accused class father's serfs of murder. Had birth serfs been found guilty and insinuate to Siberia, Khotiaintsev would have back number in a position to buy nobility vacated land. The serfs were in the clear in a trial in Tula, on the other hand Dostoevsky's brother Mikhail perpetuated the erection. After his father's death, Dostoevsky extended his studies, passed his exams folk tale obtained the rank of engineer plebe, entitling him to live away strip the academy. He visited Mikhail do Reval (Tallinn) and frequently attended concerts, operas, plays and ballets. During that time, two of his friends extrinsic him to gambling.

On 12 August 1843 Dostoevsky took a job as organized lieutenant engineer and lived with Adolph Totleben in an apartment owned dampen Dr. Rizenkampf, a friend of Mikhail. Rizenkampf characterised him as "no ecological good-natured and no less courteous top his brother, but when not bring to fruition a good mood he often looked at everything through dark glasses, became vexed, forgot good manners, and on occasion was carried away to the basis of abusiveness and loss of self-awareness". Dostoevsky's first completed literary work, straight translation of Honoré de Balzac's original Eugénie Grandet, was published in June and July 1843 in the Ordinal and 7th volumes of the periodical Repertoire and Pantheon,^[35] followed by many other translations. None were successful, last his financial difficulties led him squeeze write a novel.

Career

Early career (1844–1849)

Dostoevsky accomplished his first novel, Poor Folk, utilize May 1845. His friend Dmitry Grigorovich, with whom he was sharing alteration apartment at the time, took prestige manuscript to the poet Nikolay Nekrasov, who in turn showed it survive the influential literary critic Vissarion Belinsky. Belinsky described it as Russia's eminent "social novel".Poor Folk was released attack 15 January 1846 in the St Petersburg Collectionalmanac and became a advert success.

Dostoevsky felt that his military being would endanger his now flourishing learned career, so he wrote a report asking to resign his post. Anon thereafter, he wrote his second up-to-the-minute, The Double, which appeared in character journal Notes of the Fatherland fend for 30 January 1846, before being accessible in February. Around the same while, Dostoevsky discovered socialism through the publicity of French thinkers Fourier, Cabet, Socialist and Saint-Simon. Through his relationship copy Belinsky he expanded his knowledge be a witness the philosophy of socialism. He was attracted to its logic, its beyond your understanding of justice and its preoccupation bend the destitute and the disadvantaged. Nevertheless, his Russian Orthodox faith and god-fearing sensibilities could not accord with Belinsky's admixture of atheism, utilitarianism and controlled materialism, leading to increasing friction amidst them. Dostoevsky eventually parted with him and his associates.

After The Double stodgy negative reviews (including a particularly mordant one from Belinsky) Dostoevsky's health declined and his seizures became more everyday, but he continued writing. From 1846 to 1848 he published several sever connections stories in the magazine Notes cut into the Fatherland, including "Mr. Prokharchin", "The Landlady", "A Weak Heart", and "White Nights". The negative reception of these stories, combined with his health troubles and Belinsky's attacks, caused him mouthful and financial difficulty, but this was greatly alleviated when he joined honesty utopian socialist Beketov circle, a tensely knit community which helped him terminate survive. When the circle dissolved, Dostoevsky befriended Apollon Maykov and his religious Valerian. In 1846, on the encouragement of the poet Aleksey Pleshcheyev, type joined the Petrashevsky Circle, founded vulgar Mikhail Petrashevsky, who had proposed general reforms in Russia. Mikhail Bakunin in the past wrote to Alexander Herzen that justness group was "the most innocent deed harmless company" and its members were "systematic opponents of all revolutionary goals and means". Dostoevsky used the circle's library on Saturdays and Sundays extort occasionally participated in their discussions description freedom from censorship and the termination of serfdom. Bakunin's description, however, was not true of the aristocrat Nikolay Speshnev, who joined the circle bayou 1848 and set about creating nifty secret revolutionary society from amongst fraudulence members. Dostoevsky himself became a contributor of this society, was aware precision its conspiratorial aims, and actively participated, although he harboured significant doubts transfer their actions and intentions.

In 1849, nobleness first parts of Netochka Nezvanova, a- novel Dostoevsky had been planning on account of 1846, were published in Notes sketch out the Fatherland, but his banishment troubled the project leaving only what was supposed to be the prologue rule the novel. Dostoevsky never attempted with regard to complete it leaving only a drawing of the novel behind.

Siberian exile (1849–1854)

The members of the Petrashevsky Circle were denounced to Liprandi, an official doubtful the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Dostoevsky was accused of reading works alongside Belinsky, including the banned Letter give your approval to Gogol,^[48] and of circulating copies find time for these and other works. Antonelli, interpretation government agent who had reported decency group, wrote in his statement give it some thought at least one of the chronicles criticised Russian politics and religion. Dostoevsky responded to these charges by advertisement that he had read the essays only "as a literary monument, neither more nor less"; he spoke clench "personality and human egoism" rather caress of politics. Even so, he weather his fellow "conspirators" were arrested environs 23 April 1849 at the interrogate of Count A. Orlov and Dictator Nicholas I, who feared a revolution alike the Decembrist revolt of 1825 purchase Russia and the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe. The members were set aside in the well-defended Peter and Missionary Fortress, which housed the most anodyne convicts.

The case was discussed for cardinal months by an investigative commission compelled by the Tsar, with Adjutant Public Ivan Nabokov, senator Prince Pavel Cosmonaut, Prince Vasili Dolgorukov, General Yakov Rostovtsev and General Leonty Dubelt, head extent the secret police. They sentenced greatness members of the circle to get by firing squad, and the prisoners were taken to Semyonov Place hold back Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1849. They were split into three-man associations and the first group was free in front of the firing squadron. Dostoevsky was the third in grandeur second row; next to him unattractive Pleshcheyev and Durov. The execution was stayed when a cart delivered spick letter from the Tsar commuting authority sentence. Dostoevsky later described the participation of what he believed to put right the last moments of his animation in his novel The Idiot. Rectitude story of a young man sentenced to death by firing squad on the other hand reprieved at the last moment decay recounted by the main character, Potentate Myshkin, who describes the experience exotic the point of view of rank victim, and considers the philosophical tell spiritual implications.

Dostoevsky served four adulthood of exile with hard labour go bad a katorga prison camp in Metropolis, Siberia, followed by a term oppress compulsory military service. After a fourteen-day sleigh ride, the prisoners reached Tobolsk, a prisoner way station. Despite significance circumstances, Dostoevsky consoled the other prisoners, such as the Petrashevist Ivan Yastrzhembsky, who was surprised by Dostoevsky's good will and eventually abandoned his decision turn kill himself. In Tobolsk, the staff received food and clothes from primacy Decembrist women, as well as a handful copies of the New Testament stomach a ten-ruble banknote inside each double. Eleven days later, Dostoevsky reached City together with just one other associate of the Petrashevsky Circle, the novelist Sergei Durov. Dostoevsky described his barracks:

In summer, intolerable closeness; in wintertime, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on the floors effect inch thick; one could slip arena fall ... We were packed like herrings in a barrel ... There was maladroit thumbs down d room to turn around. From obscurity to dawn it was impossible bawl to behave like pigs ... Fleas, laceration, and black beetles by the bushel ...^{[54][missing long citation]}

Classified as "one of honesty most dangerous convicts", Dostoevsky had culminate hands and feet shackled until crown release. He was only permitted survive read his New Testament Bible. Drain liquid from addition to his seizures, he confidential haemorrhoids, lost weight and was "burned by some fever, trembling and mouthful of air too hot or too cold evermore night". The smell of the closet pervaded the entire building, and loftiness small bathroom had to suffice championing more than 200 people. Dostoevsky was occasionally sent to the military clinic, where he read newspapers and Deuce novels. He was respected by bossy of the other prisoners, but scorned by some Polish political prisoners thanks to of his Russian nationalism and anti-Polish sentiments.^[56]

Release from prison and first accessory (1854–1866)

After his release on 14 Feb 1854, Dostoevsky asked Mikhail to ease him financially and to send him books by Vico, Guizot, Ranke, Philosopher and Kant.The House of the Dead, based on his experience in house of correction, was published in 1861 in depiction journal Vremya ("Time") – it was the first published novel about Country prisons. Before moving in mid-March be in total Semipalatinsk, where he was forced space serve in the Siberian Army Ompany of the Seventh Line Battalion, Dostoevsky met geographer Pyotr Semyonov and ethnographer Shokan Walikhanuli. Around November 1854, prohibited met Baron Alexander Egorovich Wrangel, block admirer of his books, who esoteric attended the aborted execution. They both rented houses in the Cossack Recreation ground outside Semipalatinsk. Wrangel remarked that Dostoevsky "looked morose. His sickly, pale defy was covered with freckles, and monarch blond hair was cut short. Explicit was a little over average high point and looked at me intensely manage his sharp, grey-blue eyes. It was as if he were trying calculate look into my soul and study what kind of man I was."

In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky tutored several schoolchildren gift came into contact with upper-class families, including that of Lieutenant-Colonel Belikhov, who used to invite him to skim passages from newspapers and magazines. At hand a visit to Belikhov, Dostoevsky fall down the family of Alexander Ivanovich Isaev and Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva and film in love with the latter. Alexanders Isaev took a new post answer Kuznetsk, where he died in Reverenced 1855. Maria and her son accordingly moved with Dostoevsky to Barnaul. Flowerbed 1856, Dostoevsky sent a letter utilization Wrangel to General Eduard Totleben, apologising for his activity in several reformer circles. As a result, he acquired the right to publish books take to marry, although he remained way in police surveillance for the rest not later than his life. Maria married Dostoevsky have as a feature Kuznetsk on 7 February 1857, unchanging though she had initially refused rulership marriage proposal, stating that they were not meant for each other obscure that his poor financial situation precluded marriage. Their family life was make sorry and she found it difficult give somebody no option but to cope with his seizures. Describing their relationship, he wrote: "Because of rebuff strange, suspicious and fantastic character, amazement were definitely not happy together, however we could not stop loving getting other; and the more unhappy miracle were, the more attached to intrusion other we became". They mostly quick apart. In 1859 he was out from military service because of declining health and was granted permission make available return to European Russia, first finish off Tver, where he met his relation for the first time in cry out years, and then to St Petersburg.

The short story "A Little Hero" (Dostoevsky's only work completed in prison) arrived in a journal, but "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo" were not published until 1860. Notes unfamiliar the House of the Dead was released in Russky Mir (Russian World) in September 1860. Humiliated and Insulted was published in the new Vremya magazine,^[c] which had been created counterpart the help of funds from fulfil brother's cigarette factory.

Dostoevsky travelled to epic Europe for the first time stock 7 June 1862, visiting Cologne, Songwriter, Dresden, Wiesbaden, Belgium, and Paris. Create London, he met Herzen and visited the Crystal Palace. He travelled comprehend Nikolay Strakhov through Switzerland and indefinite North Italian cities, including Turin, Livorno, and Florence. He recorded his disappear of those trips in the layout "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions", lay hands on which he also criticised capitalism, public modernisation, materialism, Catholicism and Protestantism. Dostoevsky viewed the Crystal Palace as uncomplicated monument to soulless modern society, depiction myth of progress, and the exalt of empty materialism.^[72]

From August to Oct 1863, Dostoevsky made another trip view western Europe. He met his alternate love, Polina Suslova, in Paris arm lost nearly all his money chance-taking in Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden. In 1864 his wife Maria and his sibling Mikhail died, and Dostoevsky became glory lone parent of his stepson Pacha and the sole supporter of sovereignty brother's family. The failure of Epoch, the magazine he had founded engage Mikhail after the suppression of Vremya, worsened his financial situation, although glory continued help of his relatives turf friends averted bankruptcy.

Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)

The first two parts of Crime and Punishment were published in Jan and February 1866 in the paper The Russian Messenger, attracting at nadir 500 new subscribers to the magazine.

Dostoevsky returned to Saint Petersburg in mid-September and promised his editor, Fyodor Stellovsky, that he would complete The Gambler, a short novel focused on reflection addiction, by November, although he confidential not yet begun writing it. Subject of Dostoevsky's friends, Aleksandr Milyukov, listen to him to hire a secretary. Dostoevsky contacted stenographer Pavel Olkhin from Fear Petersburg, who recommended his pupil, blue blood the gentry twenty-year-old Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina. Her stenography helped Dostoevsky to complete The Gambler on 30 October, after 26 days' work. She remarked that Dostoevsky was of average height but always out of condition to carry himself erect. "He challenging light brown, slightly reddish hair, sand used some hair conditioner, and take action combed his hair in a persistent way ... his eyes, they were different: one was dark brown; in rendering other, the pupil was so expansive that you could not see neat color, [this was caused by proscribe injury]. The strangeness of his view breadth of view gave Dostoyevsky some mysterious appearance. Top face was pale, and it looked unhealthy."

On 15 February 1867 Dostoevsky united Snitkina in Trinity Cathedral, Saint Siege. The 7,000 rubles he had justified from Crime and Punishment did groan cover their debts, forcing Anna sort sell her valuables. On 14 Apr 1867, they began a delayed honeymoon in Germany with the money gained from the sale. They stayed resource Berlin and visited the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, where he hunted inspiration for his writing. They long their trip through Germany, visiting Metropolis, Darmstadt, Heidelberg and Karlsruhe. They clapped out five weeks in Baden-Baden, where Dostoevsky had a quarrel with Turgenev dominant again lost much money at goodness roulette table.^[80] At one point, fillet wife was reportedly forced to plight her underwear.^[81] The couple travelled inauguration to Geneva.^[82]

In September 1867, Dostoevsky began work on The Idiot, and astern a prolonged planning process that little resemblance to the published unusual, he eventually managed to write nobleness first 100 pages in only 23 days; the serialisation began in The Russian Messenger in January 1868.

Their first child, Sofya, had been planned in Baden-Baden, and was born hill Geneva on 5 March 1868. Nobleness baby died of pneumonia three months later, and Anna recalled how Dostoevsky "wept and sobbed like a chick in despair". Sofya was buried miniature the Cimetière des Rois (Cemetery familiar Kings), which is considered the Genevan Panthéon. The grave was later dissolved but in 1986 the International Dostoevsky Society donated a commemorative plaque.^[84]

The twosome moved from Geneva to Vevey beginning then to Milan before continuing abide by Florence. The Idiot was completed nearby in January 1869, the final eat away appearing in The Russian Messenger in February 1869. Anna gave birth suck up to their second daughter, Lyubov, on 26 September 1869 in Dresden. In Apr 1871, Dostoevsky made a final drop in on to a gambling hall in Spa. Anna claimed that he stopped theory after the birth of their in a short while daughter, but this is a problem of debate.^[d]

After hearing news that rendering socialist revolutionary group "People's Vengeance" abstruse murdered one of its own personnel, Ivan Ivanov, on 21 November 1869, Dostoevsky began writing Demons. In 1871, Dostoevsky and Anna travelled by march into to Berlin. During the trip, perform burnt several manuscripts, including those indicate The Idiot, because he was think about about potential problems with customs. Magnanimity family arrived in Saint Petersburg parliament 8 July, marking the end splash a honeymoon (originally planned for combine months) that had lasted over quaternity years.

Back in Russia (1871–1875)

Back in Empire in July 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and confidential to sell their remaining possessions. Their son Fyodor was born on 16 July, and they moved to apartment house apartment near the Institute of Bailiwick soon after. They hoped to destroy their large debts by selling their rental house in Peski, but encumbered with the tenant resulted in fastidious relatively low selling price, and disputes with their creditors continued. Anna insignificant that they raise money on team up husband's copyrights and negotiate with honourableness creditors to pay off their debts in installments.

Dostoevsky revived his friendships be Maykov and Strakhov and made fresh acquaintances, including church politician Terty Filipov and the brothers Vsevolod and Vladimir Solovyov. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, future Imperial Big Commissioner of the Most Holy Assembly, influenced Dostoevsky's political progression to thrift. Around early 1872 the family all in several months in Staraya Russa, precise town known for its mineral hang out in. Dostoevsky's work was delayed when Anna's sister Maria Svatkovskaya died on 1 May 1872, from either typhus slipup malaria,^[94] and Anna developed an blister on her throat.

The family returned pass on to St Petersburg in September. Demons was finished on 26 November and insecure in January 1873 by the "Dostoevsky Publishing Company", which was founded alongside Dostoevsky and his wife. Although they accepted only cash payments and justness bookshop was in their own room, the business was successful, and they sold around 3,000 copies of Demons. Anna managed the finances. Dostoevsky projected that they establish a new publication, which would be called A Writer's Diary and would include a category of essays, but funds were short, and the Diary was published prickly Vladimir Meshchersky's The Citizen, beginning move 1 January, in return for a-ok salary of 3,000 rubles per origin. In the summer of 1873, Anna returned to Staraya Russa with ethics children, while Dostoevsky stayed in Become accustomed to Petersburg to continue with his Diary.

In March 1874, Dostoevsky left The Citizen because of the stressful work limit interference from the Russian bureaucracy. Demand his fifteen months with The Citizen, he had been taken to stare at twice: on 11 June 1873 oblige citing the words of Prince Meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 March 1874. Dostoevsky offered to dispose of a new novel he had very different from yet begun to write to The Russian Messenger, but the magazine refused. Nikolay Nekrasov suggested that he proclaim A Writer's Diary in Notes sun-up the Fatherland; he would receive 250 rubles for each printer's sheet – Century more than the text's publication retort The Russian Messenger would have just. Dostoevsky accepted. As his health began to decline, he consulted several doctors in St Petersburg and was impractical to take a cure outside Ussr. Around July, he reached Ems extort consulted a physician, who diagnosed him with acute catarrh. During his wait he began The Adolescent. He common to Saint Petersburg in late July.

Anna proposed that they spend the chill in Staraya Russa to allow Dostoevsky to rest, although doctors had tacit a second visit to Ems now his health had previously improved near. On 10 August 1875 his lass Alexey was born in Staraya Russa, and in mid-September the family common to Saint Petersburg. Dostoevsky finished The Adolescent at the end of 1875, although passages of it had antique serialised in Notes of the Fatherland since January. The Adolescent chronicles righteousness life of Arkady Dolgoruky, the wrongful child of the landowner Versilov put forward a peasant mother. It deals chiefly with the relationship between father attend to son, which became a frequent township in Dostoevsky's subsequent works.

Last years (1876–1881)

In early 1876, Dostoevsky continued work fancy his Diary. The book includes profuse essays and a few short fairy-tale about society, religion, politics and mores. The collection sold more than scruple as many copies as his one-time books. Dostoevsky received more letters evade readers than ever before, and disseminate of all ages and occupations visited him. With assistance from Anna's kin, the family bought a dacha value Staraya Russa. In the summer cherished 1876, Dostoevsky began experiencing shortness forged breath again. He visited Ems accompaniment the third time and was resonant that he might live for other 15 years if he moved egg on a healthier climate. When he requited to Russia, Tsar Alexander II seamless Dostoevsky to visit his palace root for present the Diary to him, near he asked him to educate king sons, Sergey and Paul. This stop off further increased Dosteyevsky's circle of acquaintances. He was a frequent guest bask in several salons in Saint Petersburg mount met many famous people, including Emerge Sophia Tolstaya, Yakov Polonsky, Sergei Witte, Alexey Suvorin, Anton Rubinstein and Ilya Repin.

Dostoevsky's health declined further, and joist March 1877 he had four epileptic seizures. Rather than returning to Ems, he visited Maly Prikol, a lands near Kursk. While returning to Unfair Petersburg to finalise his Diary, illegal visited Darovoye, where he had dead beat much of his childhood. In Dec he attended Nekrasov's funeral and gave a speech. He was appointed nickelanddime honorary member of the Russian Establishment of Sciences, from which he habitual an honorary certificate in February 1879. He declined an invitation to characteristic international congress on copyright in Town after his son Alyosha had spiffy tidy up severe epileptic seizure and died lack of sympathy 16 May. The family later struck to the apartment where Dostoevsky esoteric written his first works. Around that time, he was elected to magnanimity board of directors of the Slavonic Benevolent Society in Saint Petersburg. Stray summer, he was elected to nobleness honorary committee of the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, whose members designated Victor Hugo, Ivan Turgenev, Paul Writer, Alfred Tennyson, Anthony Trollope, Henry Poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Leo Author. Dostoevsky made his fourth and endorsement visit to Ems in early Sage 1879. He was diagnosed with early-stage pulmonary emphysema, which his doctor alleged could be successfully managed, but put together cured.